初中英语语法汇总

名词的格

  英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下:

1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。

2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加" ' ",如:the workers' struggle 工人的斗争。

3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字

4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。

5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。例如:

John's and Mary's rooms(两间)  John and Mary's room(一间)

6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例如:a month or two's absence

不定冠词的用法

  冠词本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。

  不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。

 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。例如:

   A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。

 2) 代表一类人或物。例如:

   A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。

   Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。

 3) 组成词组或成语,如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of a sudden等。

定冠词的用法

 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。

 1)特指双方都明白的人或物。例如:

   Take the medicine. 把药吃了。

 2)上文提到过的人或事。例如:

   He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。

 3)指世上独一物二的事物,如the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth等。

 4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。

 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。例如:

   Where do you live? I live on the second floor.  你住在哪?我住在二层。

   That's the very thing I've been looking for.  那正是我要找的东西。

 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体。例如:

  They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师)

  They are teachers of this school.  (指部分教师)

 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。例如:

   She caught me by the arm.. 她抓住了我的手臂。

 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。例如

  the People's Republic of China  中华人民共和国

  the United States  美国

 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前。例如: 

She plays the piano. 她会弹钢琴。

 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。例如:

   the Greens  格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)

 11) 用在惯用语中。例如:

in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening), the day after tomorrow 

the day before yesterday, the next morning, 

in the sky (water,field,country) 

in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, 

in the middle (of), in the end,

on the whole, by the way, go to the theatre

零冠词的用法

1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。

 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。例如:

   They are teachers. 他们是教师。

 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。例如:

   Failure is the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。

 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。例如:

   Man cannot live without water. 离开水人就无法生存。

 5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。例如:

  We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。

 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。例如:

  The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。

 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如have breakfast,play chess。

 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。例如:

   I can't write without pen or pencil. 没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。

 9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如by bus,by train。

 10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。例如:

    go to hospital   去医院看病

    go to the hospital  去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)

 11)不用冠词的序数词;

  a. 序数词前有物主代词时。

  b. 序数词作副词。例如:He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。

  c. 在固定词组中,如at(the)first, first of all, from first to last等。

冠词与形容词+名词结构

1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同的人或物。例如:

   He raises a black and a white cat. 他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。

  The black and the white cats are hers. 这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。

 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一人或一物。例如:

He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。

冠词位置

1) 不定冠词位置

 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: 

 a. 位于such,what,many,half等形容词之后。例如:

   I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。

   Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。

 b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。例如:

   It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。

   So short a time 如此短的时间

   Too long a distance 距离太远了

 c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可,如:rather a cold day/a rather cold day。

 d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后。例如:

Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。

2) 定冠词位置

  定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。例如:

  All the students in the class went out. 班里的所有学生都出去了。

数词

 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。

一、基数词

  1)基数词一般可写成如345或three hundred and forty-five。

  2)基数词一般是单数形式,但遇下列情况,常用复数:

   a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连用,如scores of people 指许多人;

   b. 在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里。例如:

They arrived in twos and threes. 他们三三两两的到了。

   c. 表示"几十岁"。

   d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数。

   e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如Three fives is(are)fifteen。

二、序数词

序数词的缩写形式如first---1st second---2nd thirty-first---31st等。 

三、 数词的用法

  1)倍数表示法

   a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as。例如

   I have three times as many as you. 我有你三倍那么多。

   b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of…。例如:

   The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. 地球是月球的49倍。

   c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than…。例如:

   The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。

   d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍。例如:

   The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。

  2)分数表示法的构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数。例如

1/3 one-third; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

代词

 代词是代替名词的词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。

 一、人称代词是表示"我"、"你"、"他"、"她"、"它"、"我们"、"你们"、"他们"的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:

数 单数 复数

格 主格 宾格 主格 宾格

第一人称 I me we us

第二人称 you you you you

第三人称 he him they them

she her they them

it it they them

  例如:He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。

     It's me. 是我。

物主代词是表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种,其人物和数的变化见下表。

数 单数 复数

人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称

形容词性物主代词my your his/her/its our your their

名词性物主代词 mine yours his/hers/its ours yours theirs

   例如: I like his car. 我喜欢他的小汽车。

     Our school is here,and theirs is there. 我们的学校在这儿,他们的在那儿。

 三、 指示代词表示"那个"、"这个"、"这些"、"那些"等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those等。例如:

   That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。

 四、 表示"我自己"、"你自己"、"他自己"、"我们自己"、"你们自己"和"他们自己"等的代词,叫做自身代词,也称为"反身代词"。例如:

   She was talking to herself.  她自言自语。

 五、 表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么大的区别。例如:

   They love each other.  他们彼此相爱。

 六、 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody, something,no one。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none和由some,any,no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语;every和no只能作定语。例如:

--- Do you have a car?  --你有一辆小汽车吗?

--- Yes,I have one.   --是的,我有一辆。

--- I don't know any of them.  他们,我一个也不认识。

 七、 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)例如:

   Tell me who he is.  告诉我他是谁。

 八、 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(先行词)。例如:

   He is the man whom you have been looking for.  他就是你要找的那个人。

人称代词之主、宾格的替换

1) 宾格代替主格

a.在简短对话中,当人称代词单独使用或在not 后,多用宾语。

---- I like English.   --我喜欢英语。

   ---- Me too.       --我也喜欢。

   ---- Have more wine?   --再来点酒喝吗?

   ---- Not me.       --我可不要了。

  b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中,常用宾格代替主格。 但如果比较状语的谓语保留,则主语只能用主格。

    He is taller than I/me.

    He is taller than I am.

2) 主格代替宾格

  a. 在介词but,except 后,有时可用主格代替宾格。

  b. 在电话用语中常用主格。   

    ---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和玛丽通话。

    ---- This is she.       --我就是玛丽。

  注意:在动词be 或to be 后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。

    I thought it was she.   我以为是她。       (主格----主格)

    I thought it to be her.              (宾格----宾格)

    I was taken to be she.  我被当成了她。     (主格----主格)

    They took me to be her.  他们把我当成了她。   (宾格----宾格)

3 代词的指代问题

1)不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式场合使用时,可用he, his, him代替。例如: Nobody came, did he? 谁也没来,是吗?

 2)动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替,有时也用he, she,带有亲切的感情色彩。例如:

   Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。

 3)指代车或国家,船舶的名词,含感情色彩时常用she。

4 并列人称代词的排列顺序

1) 单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称-> 第三人称 -> 第一人称,即you-> he/she; it -> I。例如:

   You, he and I should return on time.

 2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称-> 第二人称 -> 第三人称,即we ->you->they。

   注意: 在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。

   a. 在承认错误,承担责任时,

     It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。

b. 在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:

I and you try to finish it. 我和你去弄好它。

   c. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。

d. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。

物主代词

1)物主代词既有表示所属的作用又有指代作用。例如:

John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.

约翰割破了手指,显而易见,他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。

物主代词有形容词性(my, your等)和名词性(mine, yours等)两种,形容词性的物主代词属于限定词。名词性的物主代词在用法上相当于省略了中心名词的--'s属格结构。例如:

   Jack's cap  意为The cap is Jack's。

   His cap   意为The cap is his。

 2) 名词性物主代词的句法功能

   a. 作主语。例如:

   May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一用你的钢笔吗?你的比我的好用。

   b. 作宾语。例如:

   I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我深爱我的祖国就像你深爱你的祖国一样。

   c. 作介词宾语。例如:

Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.

你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话,而不能按你自己的去解释。

   d. 作主语补语。例如:

   The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命属于你,属于你,属于你。

every , no, all, both, neither, nor

1)不定代词有all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。

 2)不定代词的功能与用法

  a. 除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。例如:

    I have no idea about it. 我不知该咋办。

  b. all 都,指三者以上。all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。例如:

    All goes well. 一切进展得很好。

    all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。

    但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。

    all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life,all the way

 3)both 都,指两者

  a. both 与复数动词连用,但 both… and…可与单数名词连用。

  b. both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前, be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前。例如:

Who can speak Japanese? 谁能讲日本话? 

We both(all)can. 我们都不会。

 4)neither 两者都不

a. neither作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  b. 作定语与单数名词连用,但neither… nor 用作并列连词,可与复数名词连用。其谓语采用就近原则。

c. 可用于下列句型,避免重复。例如:

She can't sing,neither(can)he. 她不会唱歌,他也不会。

 5)neither 与nor 的比较

  a. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。例如:

    If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。

  b. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。例如:

    He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate. 他不会唱歌,不会跳舞,也不会滑冰。

none, few, some, any, one, ones

一、 none 无

  1) none作主语,多与of 构成短语 none of。 在答语中,none可单独使用。例如:      

Are there any pictures on the wall? 墙上有画吗?

None. 没。

  2) none作主语,谓语动词单复数均可。但如做表语,则其单复数与表语一致。例如:

    It is none of your business. 闲事莫管。

二、few 一些,少数

  few 作主语时,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句。

三、some 一些

  1) 可与复数名词及不可数名词连用。

  2) 当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain)

    You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会为此后悔的。

    A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 有些人不同意你的看法。

  注意:

  (1)在肯定疑问句中用some代替any。

  (2)some用于其他句式中:

    a.肯定疑问句中:说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答时。

    Would you like句式中,表委婉请求或建议。例如:

    Would you like some coffee? 喝咖啡吗?

    b.在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时。例如:

    If you need some help,let me know. 需要帮助,跟我说。

    c.some位于主语部分。例如:

    Some students haven't been there before. 有些学生没去过那儿。

    d.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。例如:

    I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。

any 一些

  1) any 多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中。

   当句中含有任何的意思时,any可用于肯定句。

Here are three novels. You may read any. 这有三本小说,你可任读一本。

one, 复数形式为ones

  ones必须和形容词连用。如果替代的名词时无形容词在前,则用some, any,而不用ones。例如:

Have you bought any rulers? 买尺了吗?

Yes, I 've bought some. 买了,买了几把。

one,that 和it

 one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。例如:

  I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定)我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。

  The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。

I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物)我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。

one/another/the other

one… the other 只有两个        

 some… the others 有三个以上

 one… another,another…

 some… others,others…

 others = other people/things

 the others = the rest 剩余的全部

 1) 泛指另一个用another。

 2) 一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。

 3) 一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。

 4) 一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。

 5) 泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。

anyone/any one;no one/none;every/each

1.anyone 和 any one

  anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。

2.no one 和none

  a) none 后跟of短语,既可指人又可指物,而no one只单独使用,只指人。

  b) none 作主语,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而no one作主语谓语动词只能是单数。例如:

   None of you could lift it. 你们中没有人可举起它。

  ---- Did any one call me up just now? --刚才有人打电话给我吗?

---- No one.            --没有。

every 和each

1) every 强调全体的概念, each强调个体概念。例如:

   Every student in our school works hard. 我们学校的学生都很用功。

   Each student may have one book.. 每个学生都可有一本书。

2) every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。

3) every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。例如:

   Every boy has to take one. 每个男孩必须取一个。

   Each boy has to take one.

   Each of the boys has to take one.

4) every不可以作状语,each可作状语。

5) every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。

6) every 与not 连用,表示部分否定; each 和not连用表示全部否定。例如:

   Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。

Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。

both, either, neither, all, any, none

  这些词都可用作代词或形容词。其位置都在be 动词之后,行为动词之前或第一个助动词之后。

 1) both (两者都),either(两者中任何一个),neither (两者都不)。以上词使用范围为两个人或物。例如:

  Neither of the two boys is clever. 两个男孩都不聪明。

 2) both,either

  both与复数连用,either与单数连用。例如:

  Both the boys are clever.  两个男孩都很聪明

  Either of the two boys is clever.

  There are flowers on both sides of the street. 路边长满了野花。

  There are flowers on either side of the street.

 3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一个), none (都不)。 以上词使用范围为三者以上。例如:

  All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都谢了。

  I don't like any of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

  I like none of the flowers. 这些花我都不喜欢。

 注意:all与none用法一样。跟单数名词,用单数动词;跟复数名词,用复数动词。例如:

    All of the students are there. 所有的学生都在那。

    All (of) the milk is there.  所有的牛奶都在那。

many, much

  Many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。例如:

   How many people are there at the meeting? 多少人出席了会议。

   How much time has we left? 还剩多少时间?

   Many of the workers were at the meeting.许多工人在开会。

   Much of the time was spent on learning.学习上化了许多时间。

few, little, a few, a little

(a) few + 可数名词, (a) little + 不可数名词

 a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点

 few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了。例如:

 He has a few friends.   他有几个朋友。

 He has few friends.   他几乎没有朋友。

 We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。

 There is little time left. 几乎没剩下什么时间了。

固定搭配:only a few (=few)  not a few (=many)  quite a few (=many) many a (=many)。例如:

  Many books were sold.

Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。

典型例题:

  Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.

  A. little  B. few C. a little  D. a few

  答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。

形容词和副词

1. 形容词及其用法

  形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot。

2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的

   (错) He is an ill man.

   (对) The man is ill.

   (错) She is an afraid girl.

   (对) The girl is afraid.

   这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。

3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后。例如:something nice.

2. 以-ly结尾的形容词

1) 大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。

  改错: (错) She sang lovely.

    (错) He spoke to me very friendly.

    (对) Her singing was lovely.

    (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.

2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词,如daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early等。例如:

   The Times is a weekly paper. 《时代周刊》为周刊。

   The Times is published weekly. 《时代周刊》每周发行一期。

3. 用形容词表示类别和整体

1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接,如the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry等。例如:

   The poor are losing hope. 穷人行将失去希望。

2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用,如the British,the English,the French,the Chinese等。例如:

   The English have wonderful sense of humor. 英国人颇有幽默感。

4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序

多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色)--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。例如:

   a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car

典型例题:

1) Tony is going camping with ___ boys. 

  A. little two other B. two little other  C. two other little  D. little other two

  答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的顺序可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。

2) One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.

  A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old

  答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。

3) ---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?

  ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.

  A. few last sunny  B. last few sunny  C. last sunny few  D. few sunny last

答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词,如those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table。

5. 副词及其基本用法

副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。

一、副词的位置

1) 在动词之前。

2) 在be动词、助动词之后。 

3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

注意:

  a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。例如:

   We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。

  b. 方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。例如:

   He speaks English well. 他英语说得好。

二、副词的排列顺序:

1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前,大单位在后。

2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用and或but等连词连接。例如:

    Please write slowly and carefully. 请写得慢一些,仔细一些

3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+时间副词。

注意:副词very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

  改错:(错) I very like English.

     (对) I like English very much.

注意:副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。例如:

   I don't know him well enough. 他我不熟悉。

   There is enough food for everyone to eat.有足够的食物供每个人吃。

   There is food enough for everyone to eat.

6. 兼有两种形式的副词

1) close与closely

  close意思是"近";closely 意思是"仔细地"。例如:

    He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。

    Watch him closely. 盯着他。

2) late 与lately

   late意思是"晚";lately 意思是"最近"。例如:

    You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。

    What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗?

3) deep与deeply

   deep意思是"深",表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,"深深地"。例如:

    He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。

    Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。

4) high与highly

   high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much。例如:

    The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。

    I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。

5) wide与widely

   wide表示空间宽度;widely意思是"广泛地","在许多地方"。例如:

    He opened the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。

    English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。

6) free与freely

   free的意思是"免费";freely 的意思是"无限制地"。例如:

    You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。

    You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。

形容词与副词的比较级

 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。

1) 规则变化

  单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est来构成比较级和最高级。

构成法 原级 比较级 最高级

一般单音节词未尾加-er, -est tall taller tallest

以不发音的e结尾的单音词和少数以- le结尾的双音节词只加-r,-st

nice nicer nicest

以一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节单音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est

big bigger biggest

"以辅音字母+y"结尾的双音节词,改y为i,再加-er,-est  

busy busier busiest

少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节词未尾加-er,-est

clever/narrow cleverer/ narrower cleverest/ narrowest

其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比较级和最高级

important/ easily more important/ more easily most important/ most easily

2) 不规则变化

原级

比较级

最高级

good/well better best

Bad/ill worse worst

Old older/elder oldest/eldest

much/many more most

little less least

far farther/further farthest/furthest

as + 形容词或副词原级 + as

1)在否定句或疑问句中可用so… as。例如:

   He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。

2)当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式:as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。例如:

   This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。

   I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸,我也能。

3)用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时,放在as的前面。例如:

   This room is twice as big as that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。

   Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。

4)倍数+ as + adj. + as <=> 倍数+ the … + of。例如:

   This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。

   This bridge is three times the length of that one.

   Your room is twice as large as mine. 你的房间是我的两倍大。

Your room is twice the size of mine.

比较级形容词或副词 + than 。例如:

   You are taller than I. 你比我高。

   They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。

注意:

1)要避免重复使用比较级。

   (错) He is more cleverer than his brother.

   (对) He is more clever than his brother.

   (对) He is clever than his brother.

2)要避免将主语含在比较对象中。

   (错) China is larger than any country in Asia.

   (对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.

3)要注意对应句型,遵循前后一致的原则。

    The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.

    It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.

4)要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。

  比较:Which is larger, Canada or Australia?

     Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

     She is taller than her two sisters.

     She is the taller of the two sisters.

10. 可修饰比较级的词

1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等。

2)还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。

3)以上词(除by far)外,必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。

典型例题:

1)---- Are you feeling ____? 

  ---- Yes,I'm fine now.

  A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite better  

答案:B. any 可修饰比较级,quite修饰原级,well的比较级为better.

2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected. 

  A. more  B. much more   C. much    D. more much

答案:C. much可修饰比较级,因此B,C都说得通,但easier本身已是比较级,不需more,因此C为正确答案。

3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school. 

A. the happiest time  B. a more happier time C. much happiest time  D. a much happier time

答案:D。

many, old 和 far

1) 如果后接名词时,much more +不可数名词,many more +可数名词复数。   

2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如:

   My elder brother is an engineer. 我哥哥是个工程师。

   Mary is the eldest of the three sisters. 玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。

3) far 有两种比较级,farther,further。一般father 表示距离,further表示进一步。例如:

  I have nothing further to say. 我没什么要说了。

12. the + 最高级 + 比较范围

1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the,副词最高级前可不用。例如:

The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。

形容词most前面没有the,不表示最高级的含义,只表示"非常"。例如:

   It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。

   注意:使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。

    (错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.

    (对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.

2) 下列词可修饰最高级,by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如:

   This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。

注意:

  a. very可修饰最高级,但位置与much不同。

    This is the very best.

    This is much the best.

  b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如:

     Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。

3) 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如:

   Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 马克是班上最聪明的。

   Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.

4) "否定词语+比较级","否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。例如:

   Nothing is so easy as this. 没比这更简单的了。

   =Nothing is easier than this.

   =This is the easiest thing.

13. 和more有关的词组,

1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如:

  The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make. 越努力,进步越大。

2) more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如:

  He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时,与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。

3) no more… than… 与……一样……,不比……多。例如:

  The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。

   no less… than… 与……一样……。例如:

   He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。

4) more than 不只是,非常。例如:

   She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。

典型例题

1)The weather in China is different from____.

 A. in America  B. one in America  C. America

 D. that in America

答案:D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家,C不能选。A没有名词,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用来代替可数名词,而that可车以代替不可数或抽象名词,所以选D。

2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.

A. as twice many  B. as many twice  C. twice as many D. twice many as

 答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。

动词

1) 表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。

2) 根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。

说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词。例如:

  We are having a meeting.  我们正在开会。(have是实义动词。)

   He has gone to New York. 他已去纽约。(have是助动词。)

3) 动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词、不及物动词,英语缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。

说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:

  She can dance and sing. 她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)

  She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)

 4) 动词根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词、非限定动词例如:

  She sings very well. 她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)

  She wants to learn English well. 她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。)

  说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词。

5) 根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如:

  The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases. 英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)

  Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)

  The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)

6) 动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。

1. 系动词

 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb),作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。说明:有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语。例如:

   He fell ill yesterday.  他昨天病了。(fell是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。)

   He fell off the ladder.  他从梯子上摔下来。fell是实义动词,单独作谓语。

1)状态系动词

用来表示主语状态,只有be一词。例如:

He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)

2)持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand。例如:

He always kept silent at meeting.  他开会时总保持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.  此事仍是一个谜。

3)表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look。例如

He looks tired.  他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.  他看起来很伤心

4)感官系动词

感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。 例如:

  This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

  This flower smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 

5)变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run。例如:

   He became mad after that.  自那之后,他疯了。

   She grew rich within a short time.  她没多长时间就富了。

6)终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意。例如:

   The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。

   The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。

   His plan turned out a success.  他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)

2. 助动词

1)协助主要动词构成谓语动词的词叫助动词。被协助的动词称作主要动词。助动词自身没有词义,不可单独使用。例如:

   He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。

(doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)

2) 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用,可以用来:

 a. 表示时态。例如:

He is singing. 他在唱歌。

 He has got married. 他已结婚。

b. 表示语态。例如:

He was sent to England. 他被派往英国。

 c. 构成疑问句。例如:

 Do you like college life? 你喜欢大学生活吗?

 Did you study English before you came here? 你来这儿之前学过英语吗?

  d. 与否定副词not合用,构成否定句。例如:

   I don't like him. 我不喜欢他。

  e. 加强语气。例如:

   Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。

   He did know that. 他的确知道那件事。

3) 最常用的助动词有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would等

3. 助动词be的用法

1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态。例如:

They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。

English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。

2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:

The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。

English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。

3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:

  a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排。例如:

   He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。

   We are to teach the freshmen. 我们要教新生。

   说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。

  b. 表示命令。例如:

  You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。

  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。

  c. 征求意见。例如:

   How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?

   Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?

  d. 表示相约、商定。例如:

   We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。

4. 助动词have的用法

1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态。例如:

   He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。

   By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.  上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。

  2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时。例如:

  I have been studying English for ten years. 我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。

  3)have +been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态。例如:

  English has been taught in China for many years. 中国教英语已经多年。

5. 助动词do 的用法

1)构成一般疑问句。例如:

  Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?

  Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?

2)do + not 构成否定句。例如:

  I do not want to be criticized.  我不想挨批评。

  He doesn't like to study.  他不想学习。

  In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 

过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3) 构成否定祈使句。例如:

  Don't go there. 不要去那里。

  Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。

说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。

4)放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气。例如:

  Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。

  I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。

  I do miss you. 我确实想你。

5)用于倒装句。例如:

  Never did I hear of such a thing.  我从未听说过这样的事情。

  Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English. 进了大学以后,我们才认识到英语的重要性。

说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6)用作代动词。例如:

  ---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?

  ---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)

  He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he? 他知道如何开车,对吧?

6.助动词shall和will的用法

  shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时。例如:

  I shall study harder at English.  我将更加努力地学习英语。

   He will go to Shanghai.  他要去上海。

说明:在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:

  He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)

  He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)

7 助动词should, would的用法

1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称。例如:

  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week. 我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。

  比较:"What shall I do next week?" I asked. "我下周干什么?"我问道。

  可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。

2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称。例如:

   He said he would come.  他说他要来。

比较:"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"变成间接引语,就成了He said he would come。原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。

8 短语动词

  动词加小品构成的起动词作用的短语叫短语动词。例如:

  Turn off the radio. 把收音机关上。(turn off是短语动词)

  短语动词的构成基本有下列几种:

1)动词+副词,如:black out;

2)动词+介词,如:look into;

3)动词+副词+介词,如:look forward to。构成短语动词的副词和介词都统称为小品词。

动词的时态

1. 一般现在时的用法

1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:

   I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。

2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如:

  The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。

  Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。

3) 表示格言或警句。例如:

  Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

  注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。

4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如:

  I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。

  Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。

比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。

   I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。

  第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

2. 一般过去时的用法

1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如:

  Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?

2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如:

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.

我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

那时,布朗一家无论什么时候去,都受到热烈欢迎。     

3)句型:It is time for sb. to do sth  "到……时间了"  "该……了"。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.  你该睡觉了。

  It is time that sb. did sth. "时间已迟了"  "早该……了" ,例如It is time you went to bed.   你早该睡觉了。

  would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示'宁愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧

4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等,而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。例如:I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。

比较:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含义:她已不在人间。)

   Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含义:她现在还活着)

   Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

   Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义:现在还住在肯塔基州,有可能指刚离去)

注意: 用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。

1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:

    Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗?

    I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。

2)情态动词 could, would。例如:

    Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?

3. used to / be used to

  used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:

  Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。

  Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。

  be used to + doing:对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:

  He is used to a vegetarian diet.  

  Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。

典型例题   

---- Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.

---- It's 69568442.      

A. didn't  B. couldn't C. don't D. can't

  答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。

4. 一般将来时

1) shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如:

   Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?

   Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?

2) be going to +不定式,表示将来。

  a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

  b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

  c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了

 3) be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如:

   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4)  be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如:

   He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

  注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。

5. be going to / will 用于条件句时,be going to表将来,will表意愿。例如:

  If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.

  Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

6. be to和be going to

   be to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如:

  I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.  明天下午我去踢球。(客观安排)

  I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我想去踢球。(主观安排)

7. 一般现在时表将来

1)下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如:

   The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

   When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开?十分钟后。

2)以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。例如:

    Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。

    There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。

3)在时间或条件句中。例如:

 When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。

 I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。

4)在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如:

 I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。

8. 用现在进行时表示将来

  下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如:

  I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

  Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?

9. 现在完成时

  现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态,其结果的影响现在还存在;也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成:have (has) +过去分词。

10. 比较一般过去时与现在完成时

1)一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情,强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的,强调过去的事情对现在的影响,强调的是影响。

2)一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用,而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用,或无时间状语。

一般过去时的时间状语:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆为具体的时间状语。

现在完成时的时间状语:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不确定的时间状语。

共同的时间状语:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday. (强调看的动作发生过了)

I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响,电影的内容已经知道了)

Why did you get up so early? (强调起床的动作已发生过了)

Who hasn't handed in his paper? (强调有卷子未交,疑为不公平竞争)

He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续)

He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续)  

句子中如有过去时的时间副词(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)时,

不能使用现在完成时,要用过去时。

(错)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.

(对)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.

11. 用于现在完成时的句型

1)It is the first / second time.... that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。例如:

It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。

This is the first time (that) I've heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。

注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.

2)This is +形容词最高级+that…结构,that 从句要用现在完成时。例如:

This is the best film that I've (ever) seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。 

典型例题

(1) ---Do you know our town at all? 

  ---No, this is the first time I ___ here.

A. was  B. have been  C. came  D. am coming

答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时,故选B。

(2) ---Have you ____ been to our town before?

  ---No, it's the first time I ___ here.

A. even, come  B. even, have come  C. ever, come  D. ever, have come

答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时,反意词为never,此两词常用于完成时。

  注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。

(错)I have received his letter for a month.

(对)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.

12. 比较since和for

Since 用来说明动作起始时间,for用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如:

  I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。

  I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。

  注意:并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。

   I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)

   I have worked here for many years.(现在我仍在这里工作。)

  注意:用句型转换的方法,很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。

  1)(对) Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.

  2)(错) Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.

    显然,第二句不对,它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.

13. since的四种用法

  1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:

  I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在这儿。

  2) since +一段时间+ ago。例如:

  I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿,已经有五个月了。

  3) since +从句。例如:

  Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后,变化可大了。

  Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后,变化可大了。

  4) It is +一段时间+ since从句。例如:

  It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。

14. 延续动词与瞬间动词

1) 用于完成时的区别

延续动词表示经验、经历; 瞬间动词表示行为的结果,不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如:

   He has completed the work.  他已完成了那项工作。(表结果)

   I've known him since then.   我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)

2) 用于till / until从句的差异

   延续动词用于肯定句,表示"做……直到……" 瞬间动词用于否定句,表示"到……,才……"。例如:

   He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来。

He slept until ten o'clock.  他一直睡到10点。    

  典型例题

1. You don't need to describe her. I ___ her several times. 

A. had met B. have met  C. met D. meet

  答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响,我知道她的模样,你不用描述。再次,several times告知为反复发生的动作,因此用现在完成时。

2. ---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.

  ---Oh, not at all. I ___ here only a few minutes.

A. have been  B. had been  C. was D. will be

  答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始,持续到现在,应用现在完成时。

15. 过去完成时

1) 概念:表示过去的过去

----|----------|--------|----> 其构成是had +过去分词构成。

那时以前  那时 现在      

2) 用法

  a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。例如:

  She said (that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。

  b. 状语从句

   在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。例如:

  When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。

  c. 表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"。例如:

  We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 那时我们希望你能来,但是你没有来。

3) 过去完成时的时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:

  He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。

  By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。

  Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.

汤姆失望了,因为他到达晚会时,大部分客人已经走了。

典型例题 

  The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office. 

A. had written, left B,were writing, has left  C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left

  答案D. "把书忘在办公室"发生在"去取书"这一过去的动作之前,因此"忘了书"这一动作发生在过去的过去,用过去完成时。句中when表示的是时间的一点,表示在"同学们正忙于……"这一背景下,when所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。

注意: had hardly… when  还没等…… 就……。

例如:I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门,他就打了我。

had no sooner…than   刚…… 就……。

例如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.

他刚买了这辆车,转眼又卖了。

16. 用一般过去时代替过去完成时

1) 两个动作如按顺序发生,又不强调先后,或用then,and,but 等连词时,多用一般过去时。例如:

   When she saw the mouse,she screamed. 她看到老鼠,就叫了起来。

   My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子,我把它丢了。

2 ) 两个动作相继发生,可用一般过去时;如第一个动作需要若干时间完成,用过去完成时。例如:

   When I heard the news, I was very excited.

3) 叙述历史事实,可不用过去完成时,而只用一般过去时。例如:

   Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.

17. 将来完成时

 1) 构成will have done

 2) 概念 

a. 状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如:

They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。

  b. 动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如:

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时,你已经到达上海了。

18. 现在进行时

  现在进行时的基本用法:

  a. 表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。例如:

   We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

  b. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。例如:

   Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

  c. 表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如:

   The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

   It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

  d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如:

   You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

典型例题

  My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it. 

  A. has lost, don't find   B. is missing, don't find C. has lost, haven't found  D. is missing, haven't found.  

  答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。

19. 不用进行时的动词

1)表示事实状态的动词,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。

   This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。

 2)表示心理状态的动词,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。

   He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。

 3)瞬间动词,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:

   I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。

 4)系动词,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:

You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。

20. 过去进行时

1)概念:表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。

2)过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作延续的时候,另一个短动作发生。

3) 常用的时间状语有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:

   My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.  我兄弟骑车时摔了下来,受了伤。

   It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时,正下着雨。

   When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时,阳光灿烂。

典型例题

1) Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger. 

A. made  B. is making  C. was making  D. makes

 答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,"玛丽在做衣服时"提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。

2) As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.

A. read;was falling B. was reading; fell C. was reading; was falling D. read;fell

 答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为"当……之时"。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 "在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。"句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。

21. 将来进行时

1) 概念:表示将来某时进行的状态或动作,或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如:

   She'll be coming soon. 她会很快来的。

   I'll be meeting him sometime in the future. 将来我一定去见他。

注意:将来进行时不用于表示"意志",不能说 I'll be having a talk with her.

2)常用的时间状语有soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening等。例如:By this time tomorrow, I'll be lying on the beach. 明天此时,我正躺在海滩上呢。

22. 一般现在时代替一般将来时

When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引导的时间状语从句,条件句中,用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:

 He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨妈。

典型例题

(1)He said he________me a present unless I_______ in doing the experiment.

  A. had not given; had not succeeded  B. would not give; succeeded

  C. will not give; succeed       D. would not give; will succeed.

  答案B. 在时间,条件或让步主语从句中一般不用将来时。本题有He said,故为过去式。主句用将来时,故选B. 此处用一般过去式代替了过去将来时。

(2) 表示现在已安排好的未来事项,行程等活动。例如

  The museum opens at ten tomorrow. 博物馆明天10点开门。(实际上每天如此。)

23. 一般现在时代替一般过去时

1 ) "书上说","报纸上说"等。例如:

  The newspaper says that it's going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。

 2) 叙述往事,使其生动。例如:

  Napoleon's army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。

24. 一般现在时代替现在完成时

1) 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时,如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。例如:

  I hear (= have heard) he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。

  I forget (=have forgotten) how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。

2) 用句型 " It is … since…"代替"It has been … since …"。例如:

It is (= has been) five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面以来,五年过去了。

25. 一般现在时代替现在进行时。

在Here comes…/There goes…等句型里,用一般现在时代替现在进行时。例如:

  There goes the bell. 铃响了。

26. 现在进行时代替将来时

1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如:

   Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗?

   We are leaving soon.  我们马上就走。

2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如:

   He is dying. 他要死了。

27. 时态一致

  1) 如果从句所叙述的为真理或相对不变的事实,则用现在时。例如:

At that time, people did not know that the earth moves. 那时,人们不知道地球是动的。

He told me last week that he is eighteen. 上星期他告诉我他十八岁了。

  2) 宾语从句中的,助动词ought, need, must, dare 的时态是不变的。例如:

He thought that I need not tell you the truth. 他认为我不必告诉你真相。

28. 时态与时间状语

时态

时间状语

一般现在时 every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday等

一般过去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等

一般将来时 next…, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等

现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等

过去完成时

before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等

过去进行时

this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening… when, while等

将来进行时 soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

动词的语态

语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者时为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者时为被动语态。

注意:1)感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式,变为被动语态时,该不定式前要加"to"。例如:

  The teacher made me go out of the classroom. 老师逼我走出教室。

-->I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).

We saw him play football on the playground. 我们看见他在草场踢球。

--> He was seen to play football on the playground.

  2)情态动词+ be +过去分词,构成被动语态。例如:

Coal can be used to produce electricity for agriculture and industry.

煤可以产生工农业需要的电。

句子的种类

(一)按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。

1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如:

  Light travels faster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。(说明事实)

  The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)

2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种:

  a. 一般疑问句(General Questions):

    Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗?

  b. 特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions):

    Where do you live? 你住那儿?

  c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions):

    Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡?

  d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions):

    He doesn't know her, does he? 他不认识她,对不对?

3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如:

   Don't be nervous! 别紧张!

4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如:What good news it is! 多好的消息啊!

(二)句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:

1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:

She is fond of collecting stamps.  她喜欢集邮。

2)并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如:

  The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。

3)复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如:

The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。

(三)基本句型(Basic Sentence Patterns):英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:

1)主 + 动(SV)例如:I work. 我工作。

2)主 + 动 + 表(SVP)例如:John is busy. 约翰忙。

3)主 + 动 + 宾(SVO)例如:She studies English. 她学英语。

4)主 + 动 + 宾 + 补(SVOC)例如:Time would prove me right. 时间会证明我是对的。

5)主 + 动 + 间宾 + 直宾(SVOiOd)例如:My mother made me a new dress. 我母亲给我做了一件新衣裳。

祈使句结构

  祈使句用以表达命令,要求,请求,劝告等。

1)祈使句有两种类型,一种是以动词原形开头,在动词原形之前加do (但只限于省略第二人称主语的句子)。例如:

    Take this seat. 坐这儿。

    Do be careful. 务必小心。

  否定结构:例如:

    Don't move. 不准动。

    Don't be late. 不要迟到。

2)第二种祈使句以let开头。

   Let 的反意疑问句:

  a. Let's 包括说话者。例如: 

   Let's have another try, shall we / shan't we? = Shall we have another try? 我们再试一次,如何?

    b. Let us 不包括说话者。例如:

   Let us have another try,will you / won't you? = Will you please let us have another try? 你让我们再试一次,好吗?

  否定结构:例如:

  Let's not talk of that matter. 不要谈这件事。

  Let us not talk of that matter. 你不要让我们谈这件事。

感叹句结构

  感叹句通常有what, how引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦、等感情。what修饰名词,how 修饰形容词,副词或动词,感叹句结构主要有以下几种:

  掌握它的搭配,即掌握了感叹句的重点。

How +形容词+ a +名词+ 陈述语序。例如:How clever a boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!

How+形容词或副词+陈述语序。例如:How lovely the baby is! 小毛头真可爱!

What +名词+陈述语序。例如:What noise they are making! 他们真吵!

What +a+形容词+名词+陈述语序。例如:What a clever boy he is! 他是多聪明的孩子!

What+ 形容词+复数名词+陈述语序。例如:What wonderful ideas (we have)! 我们的主意真棒!

What+ 形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序。例如:What cold weather it is! 多冷的天!

What a clever boy he is!的省略形式为:What a clever boy!

典型例题

1)___ food you've cooked!

A. How a nice  B. What a nice  C. How nice  D. What nice

  答案D. 由于How 修饰形容词,副词;what修饰名词。且food为不可数名词,因此A,B 排除。C的 How + adj. 后面不能再加名词,因此只有D正确,其句型为What + adj. +n. (不可数)

2)___terrible weather we've been having these days! 

A. What  B. What a  C. How  D. How a 

  答案A. weather为不可数名词,B,D排除。C为how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有A,符合句型What +形容词+不可数名词。

3) --- _____ I had!

   --- You really suffered a lot.

A. What a time  B. What time   C. How a time   D. how time

  答案A. 感叹句分两类:

     1:What + n.+主谓部分

     2:How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种,但省略了bad,相对于 What a bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。

主谓一致是指:

1) 语法形式上要一致,即单复数形式与谓语要一致。

2) 意义上要一致,即主语意义上的单复数要与谓语的单复数形式一致。

3) 就近原则,即谓语动词的单复形式取决于最靠近它的词语,

   一般来说,不可数名词用动词单数,可数名词复数用动词复数。例如:

  There is much water in the thermos.

   但当不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时,谓语动词用复数形式。例如:Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.

1. 并列结构作主语时谓语用复数,例如:

  Reading and writing are very important. 读写很重要。

  注意:当主语由and连结时,如果它表示一个单一的概念,即指同一人或同一物时,谓语动词用单数,and 此时连接的两个词前只有一个冠词。例如:

  The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 钢铁工业对我们的生活有重要意义。

典型例题

  The League secretary and monitor ___ asked to make a speech at the meeting.

A. is  B. was  C. are  D. were

答案B. 注: 先从时态上考虑。这是过去发生的事情应用过去时,先排除A.,C。本题易误选D,因为The League secretary and monitor 好象是两个人,但仔细辨别,monitor 前没有the,在英语中,当一人兼数职时只在第一个职务前加定冠词。后面的职务用and 相连。这样本题主语为一个人,所以应选B。

2. 主谓一致中的靠近原则

1)当there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时,谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。例如:

 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌上有一支笔、一把小刀和几本书。

 There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十个男孩,二十三个女孩。

2)当either… or… 与neither… nor,连接两个主语时,谓语动词与最邻近的主语保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引导,而主语又不止一个时,谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。例如:

Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。

Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 给你笔、信封和纸。

3. 谓语动词与前面的主语一致

当主语有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等词组成的短语时,谓语动词与前面的主语部分一致。例如:

  The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教师和一些学生在参观工厂。

  He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去划船。

4. 谓语需用单数

1)代词each以及由every, some, no, any等构成的复合代词作主语时,或主语中含有each, every时, 谓语需用单数。例如:

  Each of us has a tape-recorder. 我们每人都有录音机。

  There is something wrong with my watch. 我的表坏了。

2)当主语是一本书或一条格言时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:

  The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 《天方夜谭》是英语爱好者熟悉的一本书。

 3)表示金钱,时间,价格或度量衡的复合名词作主语时,通常把这些名词看作一个整体,谓语一般用单数。例如:

  Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. 用三个星期来做准备。

  Ten yuan is enough. 十元够了。

5. 指代意义决定谓语的单复数

1)代词what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。例如:

All is right. 一切顺利。

All are present. 人都到齐了。

2)集体名词作主语时,谓语的数要根据主语的意思来决定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等词后,谓语动词用复数形式时强调这个集体中的各个成员,用单数时强调该集体的整体。例如:

   His family isn't very large. 他家成员不多。

   His family are music lovers. 他家个个都是音乐爱好者。

  但集合名词people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情况下都用复数形式。例如:

   Are there any police around? 附近有警察吗?

3)有些名词,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有时看作单数,有时看作复数。例如:

  A number of +名词复数+复数动词。

  The number of +名词复数+单数动词。

  A number of books have lent out.

  The majority of the students like English.

6. 与后接名词或代词保持一致

1)用half of, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常与of后面的名词/代词保持一致。例如:

  Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的钱化在书上了。

Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分学生积极参与体育运动。

2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主语时,谓语动词通常用单数。例如:

A series of accidents has been reported. 媒体报道了一连串的事故。

A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 炉边有一堆木柴。

3)如 many a 或 more than one 所修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。但由more than… of 作主语时,动词应与其后的名词或代词保持一致。例如:

  Many a person has read the novel. 许多人读过这本书。

  More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的学生来自这个城市。