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四六级作文“先声夺人”50句开头语
When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that …. But I think/view a bit differently.
2
When it comes to ...., some people believe that…. Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements, but I tend to the former/latter.
3
Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that..... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
观点型
1
Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
2
Now there is a(n)growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to...
3
Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ....
引用型
1
"Knowledge is power." This is the remark made by Bacon. This remark has been shared by more and more people.
2
"Education is not complete with graduation." This is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion.
3
"...." We often hear statements/words like those/this. [4] We often hear such traditional complains as this "....".
比较型
通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点。
1
For years, ...had been viewed as .... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ..., people ....
2
People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new idea.
故事型
先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。(建议少用)
1
Once in (a newspaper), I read of/learnt..... The phenomenon of ... has aroused public concern.
2
I have a friend who ... Should he ....? Such a dilemma we are often confronted with in our daily life.
3
Once upon a time, there lived a man who .... This story may be (unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now.
提出论题或现象
1
Recently , …has become the focus of the society .
2
…has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life .
3
Nowadays there is a growing concern for …
4
Nowadays it is common to hear /see …
5
…has become a common occurrence in our daily life .
6
Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of …
7
It is only during the last /past few years that man has become generally aware that …
8
There is an old / popular saying / proverb which says / goes …
9
In recent years , there is a general tendency …
10
Nowadays … has become a problem we have to face .
阐述不同观点
1
Some people like / prefer …, while others are / feel inclined to …
2
There are different opinions among people as to … Some believe … whole hold …
3
Some people claim that … is superior to … Others , however , disagree with it .
4
Some people believe … Others maintain … Still others claim …
5
Some people suggest … Others , however , hold the opposite opinion .
6
On the one hand , people tend to … On the other hand , they feel …
7
Some people argue that … Others , in contrast , believe that …
8
Although more and more people come to believe … there are still others who insist that …
9
On the contrary , there are people in favor of …
10
There are some people who hold different opinions about …
陈述观点
1
My own experience tells me that …
2
In my opinion , we should attack more importance to …
3
As for my own idea about … I believe …
4
As far as I am concerned , I plan to …
5
Personally , I prefer …
6
In my view , both sides are partly right in that …
7
But for me , I would rather …
8
My own point of view is that …
9
In conclusion , I support the statement that …
10
As regards me , I tend to choose …
书信用语
1
Thank you for your letter of …
2
It is a pleasure for me invite you on behalf of … to accept …
3
Thanks so much for your letter , which arrived …
4
I am writing to you with reference to …
5
I am writing to you in connection with …
6
I would be grateful if you could / would …
7
I would like to know some information on …
8
It will be appreciated if you can / could …
9
I would also like to know if you can / could …
10
I look forward to hearing from you
英语四六级翻译技巧与五点注意
01 词汇量达标
这个要求已经是老生常谈了，但我还是要反复强调一点，无论你有什么高招和技巧，没有词汇给你做基础，做任何部分都是不成功的。词汇量哪里去积累?大家可以通过记忆英语课堂上学的单词，也可以买本高频词汇看看，或者通过做题来积累一些词汇。词汇这个事情是个长久战，谁能坚持到最后，谁就是胜利者!
02 注意时态
根据一些调查，发现同学们考试翻译时，容易一看到中文就马上翻译成英语，连前面的句子信息都省略不看，在此，我非常不赞同这个做法，前面的句子或短语包含的不只是信息也有时态之类的，如果直接上手写，那么也就是等于直接放弃这最好拿的得分点。
03注意用词
四六级翻译考察同学们的语言应用能力，所以在考试时，大家应尽量把自己的语言水平表现出来，所以应避免使用一些过于简单的词汇，而选择一些更高级的词汇，例如"have to"可以换成"be obliged to"，"help to"可以换成"contribute to"这样做之后，整个句子会亮眼很多。
04注意搭配
这里的搭配主要指一些固定搭配，如“学习知识”不能用"learn knowledge"，而必须用"acquire knowledge"，"concern"后面的介词必须跟"over"而不是"of",这些都是我们要好好学习的地方，可以通过日常积累，比如看英文报刊等等。
05懂得变通词汇
很多同学会碰到这样一件事，就是忽然间想不起一个词对应的英文单词是什么。不要急，在这种情况下，放弃是绝对不对的，我们可以另辟蹊径，一种方法是试着用几个词去解释这个单词，二是找个相近的英文单词来代替。如“匿名”对应的单词是"anonymity"，我们可以用"a unknown name"或者直接用同义词"pseudonym"来代替。
十大翻译技巧
1分句法：
把原文中一个单词或短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。或干脆把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
实例解析：
例1 八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。
译文: It was in mid-August,and the repair section operated under the blazing sun.(一个单句拆分成了一个并列复合句)
例2 他为人单纯而坦率。
译文: He was very clean.His mind was open. (一个单句拆分成两个简单句了)
例3 The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child.
译文: 母亲谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感，这是可以理解的。(形容词被拆开)
例4 I wrote four books in the first three years ,a record never touched before.
译文: 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。(名词短语拆开)
2合句法：
把原文中两个或以上的简单句，主从复合句或并列复合句等译成一个单句。
实例解析：
例5 她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。
译文:She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.(多个简单句合成一个单句)
例6 他们有遵守交通规则，机器出了故障。
译文：His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery.(并列复合句合成一个单句)
例7 When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.
译文：我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。(主从复合句合成一个单句)
3正译法：
就汉译英而言，就是把句子按照与汉语相同的表达方式译成英语。
实例解析：
例1 我们强烈反对公司的新政策。
译文: We strongly object the company's new policy.
例2 人不可貌相。
译文: We cannot judge a person by his appearance.
反译法讲解
4反译法：
就汉译英而言，就是把句子按照与汉语相反的表达方式译成英语。
实例解析：
例1 酒吧间只有五个顾客还没有走。
译文:Only five consumers remained in the bar.
例2 这台机器一点儿也不复杂。
译文：This machine is far from being complicated.
由上可见，正译法和反译法主要体现在汉语里是否使用"不"、"非"、"无"、"没有"、"未"、"否"等字眼，或是在英语里是否使用no,not等词或带有dis- ，im- ，in- ，un- ，-less等带否定含义的词缀。读者也可将例1，例2试着用反译法表达出来。结果就是：We strongly disapprove thecompany's new policy.和 Appearances are deceptive.至于两种译法得出的两个译文究竟哪一个更好，就要看译文是否准确规范，简练精辟，是否符合该语言使用者的表达习惯了。
5顺序法：
顺序法翻译不改变原文表达语序，不会影响对原文内容的理解。
实例解析：
例1 即使在我们关掉床头灯甜甜地进入梦乡时，电仍然为我们工作：开动电冰箱，把水加热，或使室内空调机继续运转。
译文: Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fast asleep ,electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating ourwater, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned.
在句子中，句子前半部分是一个让步状语从句，后半句的"开动"，"加热"，"使......运转"都是"电在为我们工作"的具体内容。因而在译文中，译者将这三个并行动作处理成了V-ing形式，补充说明working的内容。译文按照原句的语序完全传达了原文的意思，采用顺序法翻译，达到了"精确，通顺"的目的。
例2 It was a Saturday evening, when Tom was lying on the bench ofthe school listening to a blackbird and composing a lyric, that he sawthe girls running among the trees, with the red-cheeked Joe in swiftpursuit.
译文: 那是周六的傍晚，汤姆正躺在学校的长凳上，一面听画眉鸟唱歌，一面写一首抒情诗，忽然看见女孩子们在树林里奔跑，后面紧跟着那红脸的乔。
原句里一连串出现了一系列的动词如：lying, listening, composing, saw，这是按汤姆进行这些动作的先后顺序来描述的，如果在译文中打乱这些顺序，就反而会显得凌乱，没有逻辑。
6逆序法：
逆序法根据目标语使用者表达习惯与目标语读者的认知能力，按原文语序反向翻译，以便更好地传达原文的内容。
实例解析：
例1 他经常做礼拜的时候，总坐在固定的座位上，可是那天他们发现他不坐在老地方。
请读者比较下面两句译文，你认为哪一句较好?
译文1:When he attended worship, he always took a certain seat, but they found that he took a different one that day.
译文2:They remarked how he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend worship.
两种译文都忠实传达了原文内容。第一种为顺序翻译，第二种为逆序翻译。第一种显得有些冗长拖沓，且前后简单句主语不一致(前半句主语为he，后半句主语是they)，给人表述混乱之感。第二种由于采用了逆序法将原句意思用一个复合句表达出来，内容清晰，结构紧凑。
顺序法和逆序法主要是针对翻译长句而言，六级新题型汉译英题不会涉及此类译法，但作为翻译策略之一，应有所了解。
7增词法：
译文中添加一些原文没有的词句，表面上看似不忠实于原文，但仔细分析就会发现这些增加的词句所表达的意思并非无中生有，而是隐含在原文中的。要知道，从一种语言文字向另一种语言文字转换，有时可以找到一种语言文字在另一种语言文字中的对等词，然而要想全部依赖对等词的转换来达到翻译的目的是几乎不可能的。不同语言文字所持有的习惯决定了必须根据其中一种语言文字的习惯来适当地增词(或减词)达到多语言交际的目的。如果机械地按照字面意义直译，不仅不能表达原文的思想，精神与形象，而且还会使译文前后矛盾，闹出笑话。试想，如把"七擒孟获"机械译成to catch /capture MengHuo for 7 times，不同文化背景的外国读者就很难真正理解这个典故的内涵。
实例解析：
例1 听到你平安的消息，非常高兴!
译文: I was very glad on hearing that you were in safety!(增补主语)
例2 勤能补拙
译文: It is diligence that makes up for the deficiency. (增补强调句里的it)
例3 对不起，打扰一下!
译文: Excuse me for interrupting you!(增补作宾语的代词you)
除了在翻译时要注意及时增补语法功能词之外，有时还需要增补与汉语文化内涵相关的信息。如："三个臭皮匠，抵个诸葛亮"应当译文：Threecobblers with their wits combined equal Zhu Geliang, the master mind.译文里the master mind就是个增补注释性表达。否则外国人不可能知道Zhu Geliang是谁。
8减词法：
减词是在不影响原意的情况下省略无关紧要的词语，避免拖泥带水。如"他们开始研究近况，分析近况"中的两个"近况"可以省略一个，只译成They began to study and analyze the recent situation.因为原汉语句中的两个"近况"是为了强调，但英文里如果也译成两个the recent situation，不仅显得罗嗦也不符合英文表达习惯。
实例解析：
例1 这种制度，条件成熟的可以实行，条件不成熟的不要实行。
译文：This system can be adopted where conditions are ripe and not otherwise.(省略原文中重复出现的词语)
例2 我们要解决失业问题。
译文：We should reduce unemployment.(省略范畴词"问题")
例3 She laughed and then shrugged her shoulders.
译文：她大笑起来，然后耸了耸肩。(省略物主代词"her")
另外，有些汉语里的词语如果译成英文反而会影响英语修饰效果，必须在译成英文时省去。如："活到老，学到老"应该怎么翻译呢?
译文1：If we could live an old age, we should keep learning at the old age.
译文2：We'd better keep on learning even though we are old.
译文3：Live and learn.
上面三种译法，大家认为哪一种可取呢?前两种是逐字翻译，将"老"字译出来，虽然说理解上不受影响，但总觉得说话拖泥带水，松散无力。"活到老，学到老"是表示一种坚持不懈的精神，即：人无时无刻要学习。译文3没有把"老"译出来，看似不忠于原文，但却充分传达了原文鼓励大家不懈努力，坚持学习的精神，而且语言生动简练，表达有力度，也符合英语习惯。所以说，这句用减词法恰到好处。
9词性转换：
词性转换不仅是重要的译词手段，也是常用的句法转换变通手段，是一种常用的翻译技巧。说白了，就是在必要的时候，将原文中的某个词的词性在译文里用其他词性表达出来。这种转换会使译文更加灵活变通，不必拘泥于原文形式，却能更准确传达出原文内涵。本部分内容主要从汉译英入手。从四个方面加以说明。
1)汉语动词的转换：
汉语动词的使用频率远远高于英语。这是因为按照英语句法，受主谓关系的限制，一个简单句或分句大多只有一个谓语动词。而且，英语还可以通过谓语动词以外各种词性的词来体现动词意义。因此将汉语句子里的动词转换为英语里其他词性的词是翻译中的常用技巧之一。
实例解析：
例1 这本书反映了30年代的中国社会。
译文:The book is a reflection of Chinese society in the 1930s.(将汉语动词转换为英语名词)
例2 他们不满足于现有的成就。
译文:They were not content with their present achievements.(将汉语动词转换为英语形容词)
例3 我想男孩与女孩的思维方式不同。
译文:I suppose boys think differently from girls.(将汉语动词转换为英语副词)
例4 你赞成还是反对这项计划?
译文:Are you for or against the plan?(将汉语动词转化为英语介词)
2)汉语名词的转换：
英语中有很多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的副词，形容词等。在汉译英时，汉语中的名词常常可以产生一些转换，从而更简洁有力地表达原文。
实例解析：
例1 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
译文:They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)
例2 钢的含炭量越高，强度和硬度就越大。
译文:The more carbon the steel contains, the harder and stronger it is.(汉语名词转换为英语形容词表示特征和性质)
例3 这就是你不对的地方。
译文:This is where you are wrong.(汉语名词转换为英语副词)
例4 我的体重比过去轻了。
译文:I weigh less than I used to.(汉语名词转换为英语动词)
3) 汉语形容词的转换：
在汉译英时，汉语的形容词往往可以译成英语中的名词或副词。这些名词或副词通常具有抽象意义，而且往往由某些形容词派生而来。
实例解析：
例1 我们感到，解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。
译文:We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.(汉语形容词转换为英语名词)
例2 有时候我们不得不为错误付出昂贵的代价。
译文:Sometimes we have to pay dearly for mistakes.(汉语形容词转换为英语副词)
4)汉语副词的转换：
有时出于修辞和句法结构的需要，往往把汉语中的副词用英语其他词性的词来表达，这也是翻译中的一个常用技巧。
实例解析：
例1 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。
译文:Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.(汉语副词转换为英语名词)
例2 他以前经常来。
译文:He was a regular visitor.(汉语副词转换为英语形容词)
例3 我成功地说服了他。
译文:I succeeded in persuading him.(汉语副词转换为英语动词)
总之，在英汉互译中，我们可以利用词类的变化，使句型结构发生变化，为语言的转换提供更大的可行性和灵活性。
10综合法：
有些句子单独使用一种翻译方法是很难翻译好的，需要用几种方法进行综合处理，然后再按照时间顺序，主从结构或逻辑关系等重新排列，即进行句子重组。
实例解析：
例1 除了服务于说本族语者的需要外，英语也是科学、技术和其他领域一些重要著作编撰时所使用的语言，这些著作并非总是由以英语为母语的人所编撰的。
这句话虽然很长，但其实只说明了一个问题--英语是一个什么样的语言?由句子可知，英语有以下功能：服务于以母语的人;在科学等领域编撰著作时使用。英语还具有一个特征：用于科学等领域的书籍编撰时，并非总是由以英语为母语的人来担纲。而在英语的两个功能中，本句尤其突出他的第二个功能，所以在翻译本句时要注意重点和句子结构的重组，有些部分可以处理成修饰语成分。
译文：English is a language in which some of important works inscience, technology and other fields are being produced, not always bynative speakers, besides serving the needs of its native speakers.
我们再来看一个由英文转换到中文的例子：
例2 The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equallynecessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they alsocontribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a lifeincreasingly more truly human.
译文：对人们来说，知识的技能及其应用是同样必不可少的，并且也是至关重要的，因为它们也有助于对人类本身下定义，同时允许人类追求日益真实的人的生活。
英语四级写作模板推荐
1分析原因
(1)模版1
_________ is currently becoming a serve problem in China, which happen to ________. So long as ________, ___________ will always unsurprisingly ________.
Why does ________ become so rampant? First and foremost,__________. Secondly,_________. Last but not least, ________. As a consequence,___________.
(2)模版2
During the last decade, there has been a steady rise in the number of _________. In detail,________.
Three reasons, in my mind, account for this social phenomenon. First and foremost,__________. Moreover,_________. In addition,___________. As a result,__________.
Personally, I firmly believe that the problem derives from __________. Thus, if the government make relevant policies and take relevant measure to __________, the problem can be readily solved in __________.
(3)模版3
Nowadays,_________ is/are doing great harm to ___________.
What are the incentives that drive people to _________? The most important factors should be __________. Furthermore,________. It directly leads to the patent and salient harmfulness that ________.
Consequently, it is high time that the whole society should contribute to the collective efforts to put an end to ________.
2图表作文
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According to the chart / graph / diagram / table, we clearly learn that _________. As early as _________,___________. Then,_________. Last,__________. In contrast, by _________,__________.
There are many reasons accounting for _________. Firstly, _________.Secondly,__________. Finally,_________. As a result,_________.
As far as I am concerned,_________. For one thing,__________. For another,________. In brief, I hold that__________.
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What is shown in the chart / graph / diagram / table above indicates that in recent years, more and more people pay attention to _________. The number of those who _________ has increased ________, and furthermore,____________.
There are two factors responsible for the changes. In the first place,_________. Moreover,__________. Yet, it is noticeable that __________.
From the analysis, we can safely draw the conclusion that__________. It is possible that in the future, the tendency will__________.
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As is shown in the chart / graph / diagram / table above, __________ has charged drastically in the past _________. While ___________,now the percentage of__________ is __________. Meanwhile, the number of _________ has soared up to ________.
There are mainly two possible reasons contributing to the rapid changes. The first is that _________. Secondly,__________.
In my point of view, the changes have a great influence on _________. At the same time,_______. To sum up ,_________.
3反驳观点
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Recently it seems that____________.MANY people,especially___________,think it will certainly do good to_____________because_____________.Moreover,_________.
Nevertheless,after careful consideration,I have to state that the above view is more than biased,given the following readons.First of all,____________.Besides,__________.Furthermore,__________.
We can see clearly that although_________may bring favorable results,there are still problems concerning_______.It seems necessary for ___________to make a careful consideration befero________.
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Until recently most people hold hostile attitudes towards_______.Some people view it as_____________while others consider it____________.
Recent research,however,shows that___________is of great benefit in many respects._________,scientists tell us,_____________.Surprisingly enougu,____________also_______.The most remarkable thing about_______is that_______.
Now we can draw the conclusion that_______.I strongly advocate that we should make good use of it to_________.
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In current society,we come across too many peole who put much emphasis on __________.In many cases,________has become the sole criterion for judging a person’s__________.
I argue that we should not put too much emphasis on________.To begin with,we should not take it for granted that those who__________will naturally______________.
Moreover,_____________.Yet,_____________.
The above discussion points to a fact that_______________.Consequently,it is of vital importance for us to realize that_____________.
4解决措施
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With the rapid growth of national economy,more and more_________,which causes a serious problem of_________.
Urgent measures are needed to tackle the above-mentioned problem.On the one hand ,_________so that ____________is at hand.On the other hand,_____________.More importantly,____________.
All in all,only when______can we solve the problem of _____________so as to meet everyone’s need .Ultimately,_____________.
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Nowadays, __________.It has become such a serious problem that it is arousing the concern of the entire society.
To put an end to the serious problem, in my mind, it calls for the efforts from all sides. First of all,__________. Moreover,___________. Last but not least,___________.
In my point of view, only when all of us join in the efforts of __________ at all levels can we expect to have _________ and ___________.
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If the Chinese people even want to improve their life quality, the problem of __________ has to be solved. With more and more people _______, this problem is becoming more and more serious in terms of scale and scope.
First of all,_________. What’s more,__________. Only when all the people stop pursuing personal interests at the price of ________ can we hope to put an end to this unfavorable situation.
The _________ is of great importance to every member of our society. As long as the government, society and individuals make joint efforts, a sound solution is not far away.
5提出问题
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It is quite natural for ________to ponder over the question of whether to _______________.
Many _________will choose not to______________,generally for three reasons.On the one hand,___________.On the other hand,______________.Most importantly,__________.Nevertheless, oher people adopt a completely different view,thinking that_____________.
Moreover, they further argue that___________.
From what we have discussed above,we can draw the conclusion that the question quite depends on personal choice.In my own eyes,________.
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When taking about whether _____________,we will be most surprised to fnd that the present situation is utterly complicated,For one thing ,__________.For another,_________.
Three factors,in my point of view,account for this phenomenon.First and foremost,________.Secondly,____________.Last but not least,____________.
As far as I am concerned,I firmly believe that____________,only when_____________.
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A national debate has sprung up on_____________.Many people welcome it with applause and enthusiasm,believing that___________.
However, those who strongly oppose the _________are not among the minority.They hold that______________.Moreover,____________.In aword,______________.
From my perspective,________should be____________.On the one hand,personally I would argue that_____________.On the other hand,____________.In conclusion,____________.
6讨论观点
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Different people have different views on_____.Some people think that_____,whereas others aegue that __________.
As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that ___________.For one thing,I firmly believe that ___________.For another,_____________.Just think of________,who/which_______.
Taking all these factors into consideration,we may safely come to the conclusion that______.Only if_______can we _______,just as the saying goes,________________.
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In recent years there have been many reports of ________.It turns a new chapter of _________in China,and will have far-reaching effects in the forthcoming years.
The biggest benefit,in my eyes,is that_______.In addition,_______.Finally,______________.
Apart from the benefits mentioned above,we should also face several unavoidable challenges.In the first place,_____________.In the second place,________.What’s more,_______________.In summary,we should_______________.
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Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life,ranging from __________to_____________.
The popularity of _______will have a great influence on ______.On the one hand,_________.On the other hand,__________.
To conclude,____________are just like a double-edged sword.With them we may________.However,one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use,always being a master instead of slaving of them.
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