网络上出现了一个流行语——“盘他”。这个词出自孟鹤堂和周九良的相声《文玩》中的一句台词 “干巴巴的,麻麻赖赖的,一点都不圆润,盘他。”

“盘”,我们都知道是一种器皿,而在这里“盘”用作动词。

这种由名词转化为动词的语言现象叫作名词动词化。名词动词化后,常常表示具有该名词的活动特点或性质特征的动作。

语言是相通的,汉语里有名词动化现象,英语里也同样存在,而且很常见!语言学家Steven Pinker 说“Easy conversion of nouns to verbs has been part of English grammar for centuries,” “it is one of the processes that makes English English.”

实际上,英语中的名词动化起源于盎格鲁-撒克逊时代。古英语中的“love” “rain”“thunder”等名词就可转为动词使用。随着语言的发展,大部分名词的动词用法其实已经固定下来,成为这个词的一部分了。当然,也会不断有新词汇被创造出来,比如我们熟知的“google”,其动词用法“通过google来搜索信息”已经收录在《韦氏词典》和《牛津英语词典》中。

高考中名词动化现象也是非常多的:

I quickly lower myself, duckingmy head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he doesn’t feel challenged. (2018 全国III卷语法填空)

If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchorit in a tree. (2017年全国I卷阅读理解B篇)

Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weightingthe sheet’s center down with a rock. (2017年全国I卷阅读理解D篇)

这些名词的动词释义往往教材没有收录,而高考却经常出现这样的生义。怎么破?

小编总结了最常见的一些名词动化分类,以帮助大家更好理解名词动化,应对高考。

发生动词化现象的名词主要有以下几类:

1. 表示自然现象的名词

如weather, rain, flood, thunder, wind, cloud, fog, wave, storm, shower, dust, frost等。

例:Adults understand what it feels like to be floodedwith objects. Why do we often assume that more is more when it comes to kids and their belongings? (2018 全国III卷)

flood名词意思是“洪水”,转化为动词,表示“使淹没;使泛滥”,引申义可指任何事物“如洪水般涌来”,所以这里flood是“堆满;充满”的意思。

2. 表示身体部位的名词

如back, eye, face, skin, brain, hand, arm, nose, shoulder, mouth, elbow, finger, foot, heel, thumb, cheek, knee等。

例:The college years are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students are not shoulderedwith adult responsibilities. (2016 北京改)

shoulder名词意思是“肩膀”,转化为动词,表示“用肩膀扛……”,“用肩膀扛起责任”,即为“承担”。

3. 表示身份、职务、称号的名词

如baby, mother, father, author, husband, parent, boss, coach, volunteer, pioneer, spy, guest, title等。

例:Since graduation, I have authorednationally published children’s books and over 300 stories and articles. (2009 北京)

author名词意思是“作者”,转化为动词,表示“写作;创作”。

4. 表示场所的名词

如corner, house, room, market, shelter, school, bank, farm, park, tower, station, garden等。

例:These cottages once housedearly settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil; now they hold Twitter engineers. (2014 浙江)

house名词意思是“房屋”,转化为动词,表示“给……提供住处”。

5. 表示工具类的名词

交通工具如bus, bike, bicycle, train, wheel, subway, truck, ship等;其它工具如brush, knife, fork, saw, hammer, nail, pin, drill, file等。

例:Ms. Mabel Yates, the English teacher for over fifty years, was wheeledto the Park. Some eyes rolled and there were a few low groans (嘟囔声) when Ms. Yates was about to speak. (2012 天津)

wheel名词意思是“轮子”,转化为动词,表示“用轮椅推”。 

例:There’s a note pinnedto the door saying when the shop will open again. (2014 山东)

pin名词意思是“别针;大头针”,转化为动词,表示“(用别针) 别住;固定住”。

6. 表示动物名称的名词

如fox, parrot, monkey, horse, dog, pig, wolf, fish, snake, duck, worm, bug, chicken等。

例:The students parrotedthe teacher’s words.

parrot名词意思是“鹦鹉”,转化为动词,表示“鹦鹉学舌般地重复;机械地重复”。

7. 表示物品(实物)的名词

如pocket, coat, cash, flower, water, cup, blanket, bed等。

例:She held the bird gently in cuppedhands.

cup名词意思是“杯子”,转化为动词,表示“使手窝成杯状”。

8. 某些抽象名词

如time, anger, hunger, power, pressure, silence等

例:With each day, increase the distance by a half mile. After two weeks, starttimingyourself. (2015 全国)

time名词意思是“时间”,转化为动词,表示“计时”。

9. 网络科技类词汇

如email, text, message, bookmark, fax, inbox, friend, blog, skype, youtube, ebay, facebook, tweet等。

例:Kids seem to be texting non-stop these days.

text名词意思是“文本;短信”,转化为动词,表示“发短信”。

教材中不会讲的高考熟词生义——名词动词化