这些词属于形式上肯定、意义上否定的副词。

Rarely和seldom意思都是“很少” 罕见地,少有地;难得(表频率),seldom更正式、更书面。

People rarely ask questions. 人们很少问问题。

She was seldom seen in public. 她很少在公共场合露面。

Barely 也是“很少”的意思, 但否定意味是在“能不能”这个意思上。

She nodded, barely able to speak. 她点点头,几乎说不出话来。

We seldom / rarely go there. 我们很少去那儿。

He’s seldom / rarely late for work. 他上班很少迟到。

He never gets up early in the morning. 他从不早起。

Hardly和scarcely意思都是“几乎不”或者“刚刚”简直没有(表程度)。例如:

You hardly had time to do something. 你几乎没有时间做某事。

意味着你几乎没时间做某事。相比之下scarcely更正式、更书面。

I hardly had time to ask her name. 我几乎没有时间问她的名字。

We had scarcely arrived when he asked us to leave. 我们刚到,他就要我们离开。

She scarcely / hardly looked at it. 她几乎没看它一眼。

He had scarcely / hardly any friends. 他简直没有什么朋友。

注意,单独使用的 hardly, scarcely 不表示频度,仅仅表示程度;但 hardly ever, scarcely ever 却可以表示频度。与any连用,表示“很少,几乎没有”,但scarcely主要意为“不到”、“不足”:如:

She scarcely / hardly ever calls me. 她几乎从不给我打电话。

He scarcely / hardly ever washes the dishes. 他几乎从不洗盘子。

He has hardly any money.

他几乎没有钱。(非常少)

I've got hardly any money left.

我几乎没剩一点钱。

Hardly anyone agreed with her.

几乎没人同意她。

We've scarcely any money left.

我们几乎一点钱不剩

He is scarcely so tall as you.

他没有你这样高。

barely:指仅仅够,一点不多,强调没有多余。 意为“不超过”、“仅仅”:

There were barely twenty people there.那儿不超过20个人。(刚刚20个)

I can barely see it.我勉强看得见它。(我只能看见而已。)

They could barely hear the speaker. 他们勉强听到演讲者的声音。(他们几乎听不到演讲者的声音。)

知识拓展:

另外有一点要注意,就这些副词均含有否定意义,所以后接反意疑问句时,要用肯定式;另外,当它们被置于句首时,其后句子要用倒装。如:

She hardly knows any English, does she? 她几乎不懂英语,对吧?

He never goes to parties, does he? 他从不去参加社交聚会,对吗?

Rarely / Seldom do we hear such fine singing from school choirs. 我们很少能听到学校的合唱团有如此好的歌唱了。

Scarcely do I know him.

我同他不那么熟。

rarely, seldom,hardly,scarcely, barely 的用法和区别