十二大基础语法体系之被动语态

词汇和语法都是基础和重点，语法知识点一定要优先掌握，在这个过程中也可以结合词汇的积累，本人所有文章例句军事精雕细琢的，考虑到大家积累词汇的需求，都是经典高端热考词汇居多！

(一)简介

在英语中，语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态，即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如：

Saddam is being tried. 萨达姆正在接受审判。

The Iraqi government is trying Saddam. 伊拉克政府正在审判萨达姆。

More and more people use computers now.(主动语态)

Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态)

English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)

(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异

汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了，用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示，如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂，用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化，而这正是英语被动语态的难点。

(三)被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词，因为不及物动词不能带宾语，也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态常用的有8个，以give为例说明如下：

时态

动词形式

一般现在时

Am/is/are given

一般过去时

Was/were given

一般将来时

Shall/will be given

现在进行时

Am/is/are being given

过去进行时

Was/were being given

过去将来时

Should/would be given

现在完成时

Has/have been given

过去完成时

Had been given

被动语态的疑问句是将第一个助动词移到主语之前、句末用问号;否定式是在第一个助动词后加not或never等其他否定词、句末用句号。

如：“During the interview, were you asked questions in English?” “No, I wasn’t asked questions in English.” “面试的时候，用英语问你问题了吗?”“没有，没有用英语问我问题。”

The origin of the universe will probably never be explained. 宇宙的起源大概永远也不会被解释清楚。

Is the restaurant being decorated? 那家餐馆正在装修吗?

The restaurant is not being decorated. In the fact the restaurant has never been decorated。 那家餐馆没有在装修。实际上，那家餐馆从来没有装修过。

(四)被动语态的用法

1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法，有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的，这时就用被动语态。例如：

I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候，有点紧张。

These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。

That place has been turned into a swimming pool. 那个地方已被变成游泳池。

2、说话或发表意见时，为了显得客观公正，也常用被动语态

He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。

还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子)：

It is said that……. 据说

It is reported that……. 据报道

It is hoped that……. 希望

It is believed that……. 人们相信

It is announced that……. 据宣布

it is (well) known that……. 众所周知

It has been decided that……. 已经决定

It is supposed that……. 人们认为

It is suggested that……. 有人建议

It must be remembered that……. 务必记住

It is taken for granted that……. 被视为当然

还要注意一下几点：

一、主动语态变为被动的几个特殊情况：

① 有些动词在主动结构中，后面接不带to的不定式，但如果改为被动，则需把省略的to加上，这类动词有 let, make, have,和感官动词，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.

② 含有宾语从句的主动结构变为被动，通常用it作为被动结构的先行主语，从句放在句子后面/也可采用另一种形式，这类动词有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等 ③ 是所有的主动句都可以变换成被动句，更不是所有的被动句都可以自由变换成主动句。虽然语法原则上允许主动和被动句的互相转换，但有的句子转换后会变成不通顺或不地道的英语句子。因此，在某些题目里，这也成为判断应该用主动还是用被动的依据。 例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm. 在这段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van这句被动句强调出读到文章的人最关心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital这句话则说明了孩子被送到医院的事实，至于是由谁（某个过路人？或肇事司机？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm这句被动句无须说出treat这个动作的发出者，因为在医院，伤病员自然由医务人员处理，无须罗嗦。这样，这段文章就重点突出，条理清楚了。

④ 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。多是把间接宾语变为主语。这样句子自然些。直接宾语变为主语时，间接宾语要变为某个介词的宾语，介词to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改为This house was left (to) him by his father.

⑤ 有些动词虽为及物，但宾语并非是动作承受者，不能转换，这些动词有have, hold（容纳）,suit, fit, lack, become（适合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足够）等。 ⑥ 当直接宾语为反身代词、相互代词或宾语前有指代主语的物主代词时不用被动，如I shook my head.我摇摇头。

⑦ 当宾语为同源宾语（与主句指同一人），动名词，动词不定式或一个从句时不用被动。如John enjoyed seeing the film,

⑧ 在一些固定说法中，有些名词和动词结合的固定说法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.

⑨ 某些从不及物动词转化来的及物动词，直接宾语在表示动作的方式或效果时，这些动词在意思上起状语的作用，没有被动The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(这个女孩说了晚安并且亲了他的男朋友）

⑩ 表地点\处所\组织\长度\大小\数量\程度\抽象名词的词做宾语时不用被动. 某些“不及物动词+介词”短语,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被动。 某些词用主动表被动：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等

二、 被动语态的用法：

1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things.

2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.

3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.

4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.

5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.

7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.

三、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态? 把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：

1. 先找出谓语动词；

2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语；

3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语；

4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.

四、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题： 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.